Co-belligerence: where is the red line?

Since the start of the Russian offensive in Ukraine, the concept of co-belligerence has been at the heart of the news. In a world where national interests are ever more closely intertwined, it has become common for countries to support allies caught up in an armed conflict financially, militarily or diplomatically. Support for Ukraine has taken several forms, ranging from economic sanctions to the delivery of weapons regarded as defensive, as well as training for members of its armed forces and the provision of intelligence. However, a genuine ideological shift has been under way for the past few weeks. After long hesitation, the West has approved the dispatch of heavy armour such as American Abrams or German Leopard tanks. At the same time, Emmanuel Macron has not closed the door to sending combat aircraft, asserting that “nothing is ruled out” during a visit to the Netherlands in January.

The aid provided to Ukraine raises many questions. First ...

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